360° Contextual Simulation Video for Undergraduate Nursing Students: An Electroencephalography-Based Quasi-Experimental Study (Preprint)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Screen-based 360° contextual simulation videos are increasingly being used in nursing education; however, evidence regarding their effects on learning outcomes and neural electroencephalography (EEG) patterns remains limited. Objective: This study aims to evaluate whether integrating 360° contextual simulation videos with traditional classroom instruction influences nursing students' perceptions of simulation design and educational practices, their levels of satisfaction and self-confidence in learning, and EEG-based neural correlates of action observation. Methods: In a quasi-experiment, 55 third-year nursing students (experimental n=28; control n=27) were assigned to 360° contextual simulation video learning (laptop; no head-mounted display) or traditional classroom-based instruction (didactic instruction, guided discussion, and 2D instructional videos). The primary outcomes were Simulation Design Scale (SDS) and Educational Practices Questionnaire (EPQ) scores. Secondary outcomes included Student Satisfaction and Self-Confidence in Learning Scale (SCLS) scores and EEG indices (power at C3, Cz, and C4; μ-rhythm suppression scores). Group differences were tested with 2-tailed t tests and analysis of covariance adjusted for baseline values. Results: Between-group analyses (analysis of covariance adjusted for baseline values) revealed higher posttest scores on the SDS (F1,35=7.80, η²=.182; P=.008), EPQ (F1,35=6.00, η²=.146; P=.02), and SCLS (F1,35=7.01, η²=.167; P=.01) in the experimental group compared to the control group. Within-group analyses (paired t tests) indicated significant increases in SDS and EPQ scores for the experimental group (P<.001 and P=.005), whereas the control group showed a decrease in the SDS score (P=.001) and no significant change in the EPQ score (P=.11). The SCLS score did not significantly change in the experimental group (P=.21) but increased in the control group (P=.04). EEG analyses revealed significant postexposure reductions in power at C3, Cz, and C4 for the experimental group (all P<.001), with between-group effects at Cz (F1,35=425.29, η²=.926; P<.001) and C4 (F1,35=5.45, η²=.138; P=.03). μ-Suppression, which is an indirect EEG correlate that is often reported during action observation, was greater in the experimental group at Cz (P=.03) and C4 (P=.03) but not at C3 (P=.13). No adverse events were reported. Conclusions: Integrating 360° contextual simulation videos into undergraduate nursing education was associated with higher SDS and EPQ scores and improved self-reported satisfaction and self-confidence, in addition to EEG-based findings that may reflect neural EEG patterns associated with action observation. Larger multisite randomized trials are warranted to confirm efficacy and cost-effectiveness.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".