Tyramine (Dopamine) <i>β</i> -Hydroxylase and Octopamine Immunoreactivities in the Central Nervous System of the Snail <i>Lymnaea stagnalis</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Research suggests that tyramine and octopamine have complementary distributions and roles in invertebrates somewhat analogous to those of norepinephrine and epinephrine in vertebrates. Interestingly, these groups of neurotransmitters/hormones share similar biosynthetic pathways that include the apparently homologous enzymes tyramine-β hydroxylase (TBH) and dopamine-β hydroxylase (DBH), which convert tyramine to octopamine and dopamine to norepinephrine, respectively. In this paper we report sequence alignments and Western blots that support the homology of TBH and DBH, as well as validate the use of an antibody raised against a DBH target sequence for immunohistochemical analysis of octopaminergic neural elements in molluscs. Accordingly, we found that DBH and octopamine immunoreactivities did indeed colocalize in several, but not all, neurons in the buccal, cerebral, and pedal ganglia of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Additional, apparently off-target labeling was also observed that warrants future examination. It was noteworthy, however, that no colocalization was found between DBH and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivities, thus providing no evidence for norepinephrine synthesis within the central nervous system of this mollusc. These results expand on previous descriptions of neuroanatomical examinations of L. stagnalis and reinforce the argument that DBH and TBH are homologous proteins, thus supporting DBH/TBH as a target to investigate octopaminergic localization and function in molluscs and, more broadly, among invertebrates.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".