Bibliographic record
Abstract
DURING the past 170 years, the Dickcissel (Spiza americc•na) and the prairie race of the Horned Lark (Eremophila alpestris praticola) have changed their breeding ranges.Since 1800, the lark's range expanded while the Dickcissel's range first expanded, then receded.This paper demonstrates that these changes can be attributed to man-made environmental changes.Data on bird distribution, vegetational history, and agricultural practices were gathered from libraries, museums, and from the annual breeding bird surveys conducted by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service since 1967.Range diagrams based on historical accounts encompass all locations of confirmed breeding activity for the years involved.Range maps based on the breeding bird surveys encompass all 25-mile survey routes with a 6-year mean of at least two birds sighted for the years 1967 through 19'72.RESULTS Horned Lark.--The prairie race of the Horned Lark nests in short grass or barren areas early in the year when such conditions are available (Pickwell 1931).Prior to the settlement of North America, it bred on the tall-grass prairies of Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, the Dakotas, and Manitoba (Pickwell 1931) (Fig. 1).Starting in the early 1860's, the breeding range expanded eastward, spreading rapidly through Michigan and Ontario in the 1870's (Fleming 1907), and reaching the Adirondack Mountains in New York by 1880 (Merriam 1881).The subspecies occupied the Hudson River valley and was on Long Island, New York in 1886 (Dutcher 1888); it spread into Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut by 1891 (Sage et al. 1913).The lark moved into the Allegheny Mountains in southwestern Pennsylvania, northern West Virginia, and western Maryland between 1900 and 1910 (Brooks 1952), and spread through Pennsylvania and to the Atlantic coast of Maryland by 1946 (Stewart and Robbins 1958).The lark's breeding range also extended southward from the prairies.Nesting in Kentucky began in 1909 (Howell 1910), although the bird probably was a winter visitor there a century earlier (Imlay 1797).The lark population in the Ozark plateau increased in the early 1900's and a southward expansion through Oklahoma began in the 1920's 108
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".