A black hole in a near pristine galaxy 700 Myr after the big bang
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Acknowledgements: This paper is dedicated to Avishai Dekel, an innovative and inspirational thinker, who made seminal contributions to astrophysics. We thank the anonymous referee for their comments that helped to improve the manuscript. We thank Andrea Ferrara for useful suggestions. This work is based on observations made with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/European Space Agency (ESA)/Canadian Space Agency (CSA) JWST. The data were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes at the STScI, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5–03127 for JWST. These observations are associated with programme PID 5015. RM, FD, JS, IJ, and GJ acknowledge support from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), by the European Research Council (ERC) through advanced grant 695671 ‘QUENCH’, by the UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) Frontier Research grant RISEandFALL. RM also acknowledges support from a Royal Society Research Professorship grant. SZ, VB, and BL acknowledge the Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC) for providing HPC resources under allocation AST23026. GV acknowledges support by European Union’s HE ERC Starting grant no. 101040227 – WINGS. HÜ acknowledges funding by the European Union (ERC APEX, 101164796). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the authors only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council Executive Agency. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. KI acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12233001), the National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFF0503401), and the China Manned Space Program (CMS-CSST-2025-A09).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".