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Record W7153976090 · doi:10.3126/fwr.v3i2.92843

Assessing Pesticide Sales Trends: An Agrovet Survey in Parasi, Rupandehi and Kapilvastu Districts of Lumbini Province

2025· article· W7153976090 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueFar Western Review · 2025
Typearticle
Language
FieldAgricultural and Biological Sciences
TopicPesticide Exposure and Toxicity
Canadian institutionsWestern University
Fundersnot available
KeywordsPesticideEnforcementCypermethrinGovernment (linguistics)Pesticide residuePersonal protective equipment

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Study assesses practices related to the sale of pesticides and safety measures, the provision of licenses and training for pesticide retailers, and the status of the most traded pesticides in the Parasi, Rupandehi, and Kapilvastu districts. 69 agrovet respondents were selected through a simple random sampling method in the regions. Insecticides were found to be the most demanded type of pesticide (79.7%), followed by fungicides (20.3%). Among the available insecticides, the combination of Chlorpyriphos 50% + Cypermethrin 5% EC was the most traded with index value 0.85. For fungicides, mancozeb was the top choice, followed by the herbicide ammonium salt glyphosate, while aluminum phosphide was the most favored rodenticide. During the study, lack of policies for the proper disposal of expired pesticides was observed. Additionally, there was a low percentage (38.2%) of personal protective equipment (PPE) sales, indicating farmers' minimal attention to pesticide exposure safety. The survey also revealed challenges faced by retailers, including issues such as open borders, the rising number of agrovets in local areas, difficulties in convincing farmers to adopt safety measures, and a lack of pesticide knowledge among farmers. This suggests that the government should ensure stricter monitoring and more rigorous enforcement of regulations regarding the sales of pesticides.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.002
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.285
Threshold uncertainty score0.979

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0020.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.001
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.070
GPT teacher head0.340
Teacher spread0.270 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it