Practice 3 Etuaptmumk: Embracing Two-Eyed Seeing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Etuaptmumk or Two-Eyed Seeing is a traditional way of knowing of the Mi’kmaq Peoples offered through the wisdom of Mi’kmaq Elders and Knowledge Keepers, Elder Dr. Albert Marshall and Elder Dr. Murdena Marshall. Elder Albert Marshall describes Etuaptmumk as the Mi’kmaw concept of the “gift of multiple perspectives,” which involves acknowledging, valuing equally, and learning from the strengths of both Indigenous and eurowestern ways of knowing to bridge worldviews. The authors position Etuaptmumk as a foundation for opening our hearts and minds to exploring health and healing through multiple lenses. It offers a way of looking at each element of the counselling process through the lens of Indigenous worldviews alongside the established eurowestern, individualist viewpoint. Practicing Etuaptmumk invites a both/and rather than either/or perspective that has the potential to enhance healthcare experiences and outcomes for all people and peoples by providing a framework for effectively and ethically navigating one’s own worldview, the worldviews of clients, and the conventional eurowestern worldview of counselling and psychology. The authors embrace epistemological pluralism to further amplify the importance of honouring the integrity of Indigenous worldviews. Pluralism builds on the foundations of Practice 1 Positionality by grounding ways of knowing, doing, and being in the particular cultural identities and relationalities of each person, Nation, or cultural community. A pluralist approach is only possible when the epistemological, ontological, and axiological positioning of both people or both communities or both worldviews is positioned as equally valid and relevant to health and healing. Melissa and Sandra value the unique contributions of the co-authors in this chapter: ● Elder Albert Marshall opens the chapter with a Teaching: Etuaptmumk takes the best from the eurocentric system or western science and the best ways of knowing and being that come from our cultures, Ceremonies, and languages. Putting those best ways of knowing together ensures that the outcome will benefit all of humanity as well our nonhuman relatives, as well as our source of life. ● Darlene Denis-Friske shares two reflections speaking first to togetherness without the loss of separateness. If we enter the space of decolonizing health, healing, and care in a spirit of pluralism, the ethical space created allows us to consider different worldviews without agreements or pressure to replace our own. Instead we represent ourselves authentically, and we hope to be heard bidirectionally (or multidirectionally). Then she speaks to the importance of ensuring Indigenous Knowledges are lifted up through Indigenous voices, perspectives, paradigms, protocols, and research methodologies, rather than lifted out. ● Fyre Jean Graveline speaks to Etuaptmumk by drawing on the Métis Sash, a woven belt of many colours. She/they invite us to share affinities and differences, as we acknowledge and weave common threads as a whole. ● Mahdi Qasqas draws on the metaphor of date palm and cedar tree roots holding hands (Etuaptmumk) as he reflects on a personal story and considers how Indigenous and Islamic lived experiences and paradigms might come together.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.014 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.014 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.027 | 0.007 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".