The Emergence of Name Sound Symbolism in Children
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sound symbolism refers to the finding that certain phonemes are perceived to be better fits for particular properties such as shape (e.g., the Maluma/Takete effect). Sound symbolism extends from nonwords to real first names (i.e., the Bob/Kirk effect). Children begin to show sensitivity to sound symbolism at one year of age, however, the development of name sound symbolism remains unexplored. Additionally, previous work on name sound symbolism has highlighted people’s tendency to associate femaleness with round shapes, and maleness with spiky shapes. We investigated the emergence of name sound symbolism and gender-shape association in five- to seven-year-olds, in comparison to adults. We also collected measures of children’s language abilities. Results indicate that both associations are stronger in adults than children. Moreover, while gender-shape association is observable in children, name sound symbolism develops later, and language skills did not influence development. These findings provide insights into the development of crossmodal correspondences.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".