Pattern of functional gastrointestinal symptoms and dietary triggers among young adults: A cross-sectional observational research
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Functional gastrointestinal disorders represent a significant burden among young adults, yet comprehensive data on symptom patterns and dietary associations remain limited in German populations. This cross-sectional observational research aimed to characterize the prevalence, severity distribution, and dietary trigger associations of functional gastrointestinal symptoms in young adults aged 18 to 37 years. We recruited 624 participants from two academic medical centers in Germany between March 2021 and November 2022, using validated questionnaires to assess symptom frequency, severity, and perceived dietary triggers. The Rome IV criteria served as the diagnostic framework for symptom classification. Results demonstrated that 73.2% of participants reported at least one functional gastrointestinal symptom during the preceding three months. Flatulence emerged as the most common symptom affecting 52.1% of respondents, followed by bloating at 47.3% and abdominal pain at 38.6%. Fatty and fried foods constituted the most frequently identified dietary trigger reported by 67.2% of symptomatic individuals. Spicy foods ranked second at 58.3%, while alcohol consumption showed association in 48.9% of cases. Age-stratified analysis revealed distinct patterns, with bloating prevalence peaking in the 26-to-29-year age group at 51.3%. Female participants demonstrated significantly higher symptom prevalence compared to males across most symptom categories. Strong correlations emerged between specific dietary patterns and symptom clusters, suggesting potential mechanistic relationships worthy of further investigation. These findings highlight the substantial burden of functional gastrointestinal symptoms among German young adults and underscore the importance of dietary assessment in clinical evaluation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".