Hydrological modification drives century-scale eutrophication and invasion increasing invertebrate assemblage heterogeneity in Lake Fúquene, Colombia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hydrological alteration, eutrophication and macrophyte invasion generate novel ecological states and biotic homogenisation in shallow lakes. As these stressors increasingly co-occur and unfold over decades to centuries, disentangling their combined effects on invertebrate assemblages remains however, challenging. To assess their long-term (decades-centuries) interactions on driving aquatic invertebrates, we analysed three ²¹⁰Pb-dated sediment cores spanning contrasting dominance of the invasives Egeria densa (submerged), Pontederia crassipes (floating) and Azolla filiculoides (floating) in Fúquene, a largely-drained, eutrophic Andean shallow lake (Colombia). Eighteen invertebrate taxa were recorded with multivariate analyses explaining 51% of assemblage variation and identified a pre-1800 mesotrophic phase; a drainage phase (1800–late 1980s) marked by shifts towards eutrophic taxa; and a post-perimeter canal phase (post-1990) characterised by invasive expansion and distinct macrophyte-associated invertebrate assemblages. Despite restructuring, invertebrate assemblages did not homogenise but became more heterogeneous among cores in Zone 3. Variation partitioning revealed strong coupled hydro-chemical–macrophyte effects at the assemblage and taxon level explaining 13–56% of the variation, with invasive growth forms uniquely accounting for 5–40%. E. densa stands supported aquatic insects, whereas floating species favoured Oribatidae, bryozoans and semi-terrestrial chironomids. Invasion–eutrophication-driven homogenisation is therefore not inevitable but contingent on hydrology, environmental variation and growth-form diversity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".