A REVIEW OF ANTIBIOTIC-INDUCED DRUG ALLERGIES: MECHANISMS, PREVALENCE, AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Drug allergies pose a significant public health challenge, contributing to a substantial proportion of adverse drug reactions, particularly among antibiotics. This review explores the mechanisms underlying drug allergies, emphasizing the role of antibiotics, which frequently induce hypersensitivity reactions. Drug allergies are classified into immediate and delayed hypersensitivity types, with immediate reactions mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) and delayed responses involving T lymphocytes. A critical aspect of antibiotic-induced allergies is haptenization, where antibiotics interact with host proteins, forming antigenic determinants that trigger immune responses. Recent studies highlight the prevalence of allergic reactions to specific antibiotics, such as amoxicillin and sulfamethoxazole, raising concerns regarding their clinical use and management. The review examines the emerging pharmacologic interaction (p-i) concept, which suggests that certain antibiotics may activate T lymphocytes directly without requiring haptenization. Additionally, the diagnostic challenges associated with distinguishing true allergic reactions from adverse drug effects are discussed, emphasizing the need for more sensitive and specific testing methods. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on antibiotic-induced allergies, identify gaps in understanding, and propose future research directions. By enhancing our understanding of the immunological mechanisms involved, this work seeks to improve diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, ultimately contributing to better patient safety and care in clinical settings.Original Article: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ghassan-Shannan/publication/390695383_A_REVIEW_OF_ANTIBIOTIC-INDUCED_DRUG_ALLERGIES_MECHANISMS_PREVALENCE_AND_FUTURE_PERSPECTIVES/links/67f926debfbe974b23a8ea0a/A-REVIEW-OF-ANTIBIOTIC-INDUCED-DRUG-ALLERGIES-MECHANISMS-PREVALENCE-AND-FUTURE-PERSPECTIVES.pdf?origin=publication_detail&_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uRG93bmxvYWQiLCJwcmV2aW91c1BhZ2UiOiJwdWJsaWNhdGlvbiJ9fQ&__cf_chl_tk=QLV9MRY8J6r6.Dfl0cQUikE64WZ0PG2ptqkza2TRqUw-1777877716-1.0.1.1-ZHjcD665igF3kvTsb_wZEsOblLaAsTP_UDgtrXn6ybEThis version is archived in the Arab International University (AIU) repository for open access and dissemination purposes. The content of this paper has not been modified from the original publication.For more information, please visit the official repository of Arab International University (AIU):https://aiu.edu.sy
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".