Bibliographic record
Abstract
This work presents advances in the development of a real-time signal processing algorithm that estimates time-domain waveforms of multiple plane wave signals on a sample-by-sample basis from data measured by an acoustic array. Moreover, the algorithm provides sample-by-sample estimates of the direction-of-arrival (DOA) of the waveforms. In this case, sample-by-sample means that as each sample of data is measured by the array estimates of the waveforms and their directions-of-arrival are updated. Previous presentations (Spring 2023 ASA Ottawa, and Spring 2025 ASA New Orleans) described a sliding window-based approach using non-linear least-squares with a B-spline signal basis and an Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) based approach with a Fourier signal basis. This presentation describes and presents results from a UKF approach using B-splines. The advantage of the UKF over the sliding window is less computations, and the advantage of the B-splines over a Fourier basis is fewer inter-sampleoscillations when estimating the predicted signals. The approach contrasts with blind source separation (BSS) methods that are based on non-Gaussian statistical assumptions and that do not assume a known array geometry nor a propagation model.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".