Unraveling the legal standard applicable to cartels: a comparative study of European and North American antitrust
Bibliographic record
Abstract
En droit de la concurrence, les normes de preuve sont rattachées au fond du droit ou à la procédure. Cette dichotomie restreint l'analyse juridique : elle isole des aspects inséparables du standard juridique, point de référence essentiel pour les entreprises car il détermine les éléments nécessaires à une qualification d'entente. Ce mémoire compare le standard juridique applicable aux ententes aux Etats-Unis, au Canada et dans l'Union Européenne. On y démontre que le standard permet aux juges de contribuer à une politique de concurrence toujours plus influencée par la science économique. Sont alors en jeu l'efficacité de l'application du droit et l'équité juridique. Dans le cadre de la mondialisation, cela incite à l'amélioration et à la convergence des standards : les Etats-Unis doivent remédier au manque de sécurité juridique croissant ; le Canada doit renforcer l'efficacité du droit de la concurrence ; l'Union Européenne devrait clarifier la norme de la preuve.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".