Bibliographic record
Abstract
Vaccines are estimated to prevent 2.5 million deaths each year. As with any public health intervention, vaccines progress through many stages of development and their evaluation must continue post-licensure. We have used case studies to highlight four key aspects of the lifecycle of vaccines: i) preclinical evaluation, ii) clinical development, iii) safety and iv) long-term effectiveness. Preclinical evaluation - We have demonstrated, for the first time, cellular immune responses to a candidate norovirus virus-like particle vaccine produced in Nicotiana benthamiana (Medicago Inc., Ste-Foy, QC). Both oral and intramuscular formulations of the vaccine elicited a proliferative response and IFNγ-producing cells in mice, and antibody-secreting cells in both mice and rabbits. Clinical development - In collaboration with MIT Canada Inc., an 80-subject clinical trial was performed to evaluate the use of the MedJet jet injection device to deliver seasonal influenza vaccines. Both cellular and humoral immune responses to a trivalent vaccine delivered by the MedJet were equivalent to those delivered by needle-and-syringe. Of particular interest, there were no significant differences in the frequency of responding memory CD4+ T cells after re-stimulation or in the degree of poly-functionality of these cells in the healthy adult subjects. Vaccine safety – We performed a detailed immunologic investigation of peripheral nerve demyelination in a young woman that occurred in temporal association with human papillomavirus vaccination (Gardasil™). Working with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the patient in vitro, unusually strong proliferative and cytokine responses were found to vaccine antigens, primarily driven by B cells. These data support, but do not prove, an association between the vaccine and peripheral nerve paralysis. Long-term effectiveness - To monitor the long-term persistence of antibodies after the rubella vaccination, we developed, optimized and validated a low-cost, serum-sparing ELISA to measure serum anti-rubella IgG titers. In collaboration with the Public Health Agency of Canada, this assay was used to assess rubella immunity in 1,752 pregnant women across Canada. This study (Vaccine 2017) highlighted socio-demographic inequalities in vaccine uptake and the need to address these issues in underserved populations. Together, these studies illustrate that the life-saving potential of vaccines relies on continuous evaluation of their safety and effectiveness throughout the vaccine lifecycle; both pre- and post- licensure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.021 | 0.065 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.022 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".