Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Filter for Detaining Immunosuppressive T-Cells and Inducing the Activation of Effector T-Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cancer is a major public health concern worldwide and the main cause of death in Canada. It remains challenging to effectively treat cancer given its ability to evade and suppress immune responses. Adoptive T-cell transfer (ACT) has recently gained popularity as a promising cancer immunotherapy. ACT works on the premise of enhancing the effectiveness of autologous white blood cells. T-cells are a type of white blood cell that play a critical role in killing cancer cells. However, regulatory T (Treg) cells are immunosuppressive and prevent the cancer-killing effector T (Teff) cells from eliminating cancer cells. A plasma functionalized MWCNT filter was developed with future intentions of detaining Treg cells and activating Teff cells using mechanical forces and non-biological agonists. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are a network of cylindrically rolled carbon atoms used as the base of the filter material given its attractive material properties. The MWCNT coating was made functional to biological systems by modifying its surface using an ammonia plasma treatment, namely plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Amine (NH2) functional groups were grafted onto the surface of the MWCNTs which allow for future immobilization of target antibodies. The surfaces of the MWCNT and NH2-MWCNT filters were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, water contact angle goniometry, and Raman spectroscopy. High purity superhydrophobic MWCNT filters were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition and contained a carbon content of 98.9 %. The surfaces of NH2-MWCNT filters became hydrophilic after ammonia functionalization. The D band and G band intensity ratios of the MWCNT and NH2-MWCNTfilters were 0.45 and 0.53, respectively, which confirmed the presence of NH2 functional groups on the surface of the MWCNTs. A splenocyte suspension was normally dispensed through the MWCNT and NH2-MWCNT filters. Spleen cell viability experiments were performed using fluorescence microscopy. Probability (p)-values of 0.44 and 0.16 were computed for the spleen cell viability experiments through the MWCNT and NH2-MWCNT filters, respectively. The high p-values suggested that the interaction of the splenocytes with the MWCNT and NH2-MWCNT filters were not statistically significant in influencing the viability of the cells. Mouse interferon (IFN)-γ ELISA assays were performed to measure the quantity of cytokines released in the filtered splenocyte suspension after applied normal stresses through the MWCNT and NH2-MWCNT filters. Low quantities of less than 3 pg/mL of IFN-γ were reported in the supernatant of the filtered suspensions. Mechanical forces alone did not induce the activation of T-cells while passing through the filters. The combination of mechanically dispensing T-cells through NH2-MWCNT filters coated with immobilized target antibodies may lead to the selective enhancement and proliferation of T-cells
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".