Genetic analysis of «Pardosa» wolf spiders (Aranae: Lycosidae) across the northern Nearctic
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An analysis of the genetic structure of northern Nearctic wolf spiders from the genus Pardosa (Lycosidae) was conducted. Wolf spiders are common and abundant across the Nearctic, but despite their ecological importance, little is known about their phylogeography and taxonomically uncertain species exist. Wolf spiders were collected from sites across northern Canada to examine the phylogeographic history of Pardosa glacialis (Thorell) and taxonomic status of the Nearctic members of the Pardosa lapponica species-group. Results show that the high Arctic species P. glacialis occupied two major glacial refugia during the Wisconsin glaciation: Beringia and a lesser-known high Arctic refugium. Additionally, analyses support a P. glacialis population expansion in Beringia during the Wisconsin glaciation, likely facilitated by an increase in habitat due to suitable climate in the region. Post-glacial dispersal from the Beringian and high Arctic refugia produced a secondary contact zone in central high Arctic Canada. With regards to taxonomy, morphometric analyses of P. lapponica (Thorell) and P. concinna (Thorell), the only two members of the P. lapponica species-group in the Nearctic, revealed no species-specific variation beyond a single male morphological character. Genetic analyses showed there was more genetic variation between Palearctic and Nearctic P. lapponica specimens than between Nearctic P. lapponica and P. concinna specimens. The P. lapponica species-group is in need of taxonomic revision to resolve the species boundaries among its members.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".