The risk of gastrointestinal bleeding associated with diuretics among hypertensive persons /
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose. There are reports indicating that diuretics may increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding. The study was conducted to verify this hypothesis and to assess whether the risk varies with the different types of diuretics. Methods. Using the Saskatchewan health database, a nested case-control design was used, conducted within a population-based cohort of 47,865 new users of antihypertensive medications in Saskatchewan, from 1980 to 1983, and followed up to mid 1987. 753 subjects hospitalized for gastrointestinal bleeding were identified during this period, each of whom was matched with 10 randomly selected controls from a risk set formed at the index date, namely when a case was identified. Results. The rate of hospitalization for gastrointestinal bleeding in this cohort was 2.83 cases per 1,000 subjects per year. The adjusted rate ratio of gastrointestinal bleeding for current use of any diuretic within the 30-day time window prior to the index date was 1.54 (95% confidence interval, CI 1.27 to 1.86) compared with no current use of antihypertensive medications. Among the different classes, potassium-sparing diuretic are associated with the highest adjusted rate ratios (2.64; 95% CI, 1.35 to 5.16), and current use of combination of thiazide diuretics and potassium sparing with the lowest (1.39; 95% CI, 1.11 to 1.73) in the 30-day time window. The adjusted rate ratio of hospitalization for gastrointestinal bleeding for current use of a daily dose of thiazide diuretics less than 50mg was 1.34; 95% CI, 0.37 to 4.90, and for a daily dose equal to 50 to 60 mg the rate ratio was 1.81; 95% CI, 0.93 to 3.54, while for a daily dose greater than 60mg the rate ratio was 2.99; 95% CI, 1.14 to 7.84 within the 30-day time window. Results were similar when a 60-day exposure time window was used. Higher doses of furosemide (loop diuretic) were positively associated with hospitalization for gastrointestinal bleeding. Conclusion. Diuretic use appears to increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".