Régir l’environnement au Québec: la prévalence provinciale en cas de même objet
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Whereas a provincial regulation and a municipal by-law can usually cohabit in the absence of conflict, s. 118.3.3 of the Environmental Quality Act (EQA) provides for a different rule. Regulations thereunder prevail over any municipal by-law relating to the same object. To understand why the legislator opted for a different rule in environmental matters and what the intent behind s. 118.3.3 EQA was, this thesis presents a legislative history of the provision, from its adoption in 1972 to today. Section 118.3.3 EQA is then compared to other rules within Québec’s statutory framework that deal differently with the cohabitation of multiple regulatory levels.Provincial and municipal environmental regulation has continued to proliferate during recent decades, it seems without taking account of s. 118.3.3 or considering its full extent. Several municipal by-laws or at least some of their key provisions could be inoperative. To illustrate this issue, the thesis undertakes a case study of municipal by-laws respecting the emptying of septic tanks. These by-laws are compared to the Regulation respecting waste water disposal systems for isolated dwellings to determine whether they relate to the same object. Finally, in light of the above and after nearly 50 years since the adoption of s. 118.3.3 EQA, observations are made and proposals are offered with a view to facilitating regulatory coexistence
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".