Comparing lower limb bone mineral density between female collegiate athletes and sedentary controls
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bone is a dynamic, living tissue that can respond to mechanical stress, muscular activity, and strengthen over time. It is constantly broken down and rebuilt in a process known as remodeling. When slightly less bone is deposited than resorbed, it results in osteopenia and eventually osteoporosis, which predisposes the bone to fracture during minimal trauma. Osteoporosis is a condition of generalized skeletal fragility, or "weak bones". According to the Canadian Healthy Aging questionnaire in 2009, 19.2% of women reported being diagnosed with osteoporosis. With the rise of the aging population, the prevalence and cost of osteoporosis is sure to increase as well. The best method of preventing osteoporosis is building strong bones from a young age. Exercise can be used as a factor to build stronger bones at any age. Percussive activity has been shown to lead to increased bone mineral density (BMD), which explains why female athletes tend to have higher BMD than age-matched sedentary controls. This thesis presents a study comparing the BMD of female athletes in hockey and synchronized swimming to sedentary controls. 70 participants, 24 hockey players, 20 synchronized swimmers, and 26 sedentary controls participated in this study. Participants underwent three DXA scans (one total body and two regional scans) and answered a questionnaire about their menstrual history. BMD values were analyzed using ANCOVA controlling for age and weight. Predictors of BMD were also analyzed using step-wise regression. A significant difference in BMD at the level of the trochanter (F(2,65) = 5.47, p < 0.01), pelvis (F(2,65) = 23.65, p < 0.01), legs (F(2,65) = 8.40, p < 0.01), and the lumbar vertebra (F(2,65) = 9.959, p < 0.01) was found. Female hockey players had higher BMD at these sites than synchronized swimmers and sedentary controls. There was no difference between synchronized swimmers and sedentary controls at these sites. There was no difference in BMD at the femur (F(2,65) = 2.201, p = .119), femoral shaft (F(2,65) = 2.002, p = .143), femoral neck (F(2,65) = 0.298, p = .743), and ward's triangle (F(2,65) = 1.705, p = .196) between groups. The findings of this study have important practical implications for strength and conditioning coaches that are training synchronized swimmers or other low or no impact sports. Monitoring female athletes' bone health in university is critical seeing as the peak bone mineral density achieved now will be a large factor in determining their risk for osteoporosis later in life.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".