The effect of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors on bone mineral density /
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective. The use of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors may impair load-induced bone formation but also prevent menopause-associated bone loss. We hypothesized that COX-2 inhibitor use would be associated with an increased bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women not using estrogen therapy and conversely, a decreased BMD in men. Methods. We used data from the Canadian Multicenter Osteoporosis Study, a longitudinal, randomly selected, population-based community cohort study. The outcome measure was percent difference in bone mineral density (g/cm2). Using linear regression, we estimated the effect of COX-2 inhibitors on this outcome, while adjusting for important potential confounders. Results. There were 4780 subjects available for study, of which 394 subjects reported daily COX-2 inhibitor use. In males, daily use of COX-2 inhibitors was associated with a lower BMD at all hip sites (percent difference between users and non-users at total hip: -3.1% [95% confidence interval (CI), -6.0, -0.3]. In post-menopausal women not using estrogen replacement therapy, daily COX-2 inhibitor use was associated with higher BMD at most sites (percent difference at total hip: +3.0% [95% Cl, 0.3, 5.8]). Conclusions. COX-2 inhibitor use was associated with a lower BMD in men and, on the other hand, a higher BMD in post-menopausal women not using estrogen replacement therapy. Men who have used COX-2 inhibitors may wish to seek a BMD measurement to assess their fracture risk. However, COX-2 inhibitors may have utility in post-menopausal women if bone-selective analogues can be developed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".