Drug and alcohol use among patients with schizophrenia and related psychoses : levels, consequences and changes in psychiatric symptoms and substance abuse at twelve-month follow-up
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia and related psychoses frequently use, abuse and become dependent on psychoactive substances. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to document substance abuse in 207 successive outpatients with schizophrenia and related psychoses presenting to a psychiatric continuing care facility in a large Canadian city. Nicotine, alcohol and cannabis were the most frequently abused substances. Excluding nicotine, 44.9% met criteria for lifetime and 14.0% for current abuse/dependence. Current dual diagnosis (DD) patients had significantly more positive psychotic and depressive symptoms, higher rates of medication non-compliance, as well as higher rates of tobacco smoking and significantly longer smoking histories compared to single diagnosis (SD) patients. The smoking behavior of the DD population is discussed in terms of enhanced risk for alcohol abuse, as well as effects on antipsychotic blood levels and metabolism. In the second phase of the study, the starting sample was reassessed at 4 month intervals out to 12-months of follow-up. The follow-up study was designed to test the hypothesis that current-DD patients would fare significantly worse than SD patients. This study found that during the course of standard psychiatric outpatient treatment there was little decrease in substance use or abuse over time among the DD group. However, DD subjects experienced a greater reduction in positive psychotic symptoms compared to SD patients. The follow up study demonstrated that DD patients in treatment for schizophrenia and related psychoses did reasonably well in terms of reduced psychosis; however they continued to use substances of abuse and remained more depressed than SD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".