Developing a concept for an effective school-based intervention to improve the nutritional status of Indonesian adolescents
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Malnutrition continues to be a public health problem, including in adolescents in low and middle-income countries (LMICs), also in Indonesia. Adolescence is considered a critical period for rapid growth and development, influencing not only every aspect of adolescents’ well-being, but also adulthood and beyond. In contrast to various interventions aimed at reducing malnutrition in children under five, interventions and studies focusing on adolescents’ nutrition and development are still scarce. This PhD thesis aims to develop a concept for an effective school-based intervention to improve the nutritional status of Indonesian adolescents. A mixed-methods study was conducted to address the objectives of this study with three main phases: systematic review study on the effectiveness of nutrition interventions in schools in enhancing adolescents’ nutritional status in LMICs; secondary data analysis from the Riskesdas (Indonesian basic health survey) 2018 to identify factors impacting stunting in Indonesian adolescents; semi-structured in-depth interviews to explore Indonesian stakeholders (students, teachers, government officials, parents/guardians)‘ views on the nutrition in-school programme. The collected data were then used to develop a concept for an effective school-based intervention to improve the nutritional status of Indonesian adolescents, referring to the WHO Health-Promoting Schools’ standard and the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion framework. Stunting among adolescents remains a significant public health concern in Indonesia. Schools are identified as a potential community-based setting for implementing interventions targeting Indonesian adolescents. Effective interventions in a school setting should be comprehensive, involving multiple sectors and multiple programmes at all levels. Moreover, several reinforcing factors can be used to implement effective school-based interventions, such as building public policy to guide all sectors and programmes at all levels to prioritise health in their agendas, creating a supportive environment to encourage healthy behaviour, strengthening community participation in school interventions, improving personal skills to support health promotion and providing health services to support adolescents’ growth and development.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".