Modeling and Optimization of a Two-Household Off-Grid Solar PV System in Punjab, Pakistan using HOMER Pro
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study presents the design and analysis of a stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) system with battery storage for two residential units located in Vanike Tarar, Punjab, Pakistan. The system was modelled and optimized using HOMER Pro based on local solar data, household load requirements, and component specifications. The configuration includes a 2.57 kW PV array composed of Jinko Solar 345 W modules, a 48 V battery bank consisting of four Trojan SAGM 12 205 batteries, and a Schneider Conext TX 3300 NA inverter rated at 0.995 kW. The total electrical load of about 7.45 kWh per day was supplied entirely by renewable energy, achieving a 100 percent renewable fraction. Annual excess electricity of 989 kWh and unmet load of 88.8 kWh were observed during simulation. The total net present cost of the system is estimated at Rs 644,846, resulting in a levelized cost of energy of Rs 18.96 per kWh. The results confirm that the proposed PV–battery system is technically feasible and economically suitable for remote households, providing clean and reliable electricity without dependence on diesel generation.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".