Impact of incretin-based therapies on pancreatic exocrine function markers in long-duration type 2 diabetes mellitus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
While incretin-based therapies—glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4Is)—are widely prescribed for glycaemic management in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), their effects on pancreatic exocrine function remain debated. This cross-sectional research examined fecal elastase-1 (FE-1), serum lipase, and serum trypsinogen levels in 268 patients with long-duration T2DM (≥5 years) receiving incretin-based therapy at Québec City Research Institute between January 2021 and December 2022. Overall, 58.7% of participants showed reduced FE-1 levels (<200 µg/g), with 12.5% meeting criteria for severe pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI; FE-1 <50 µg/g). Diabetes duration correlated inversely with FE-1 (r=−0.47; p<0.001). Patients on GLP-1RAs had lower median FE-1 than those on DPP-4Is (148 vs. 189 µg/g; p=0.014). These results suggest that pancreatic exocrine function screening may be warranted in long-duration T2DM patients receiving incretin-based therapies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".