Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Long-eared Owl (Asio otus) is almost cosmopolitan in the North Temperate Zone. In Eurasia (see Peters 1940, Vaurie 1965), A. o. otus (Linnaeus, 1758) is found throughout the range of the species, except for the Canary Islands, where isolated A. o. canariensis Madarász, 1901, occurs. In North America two wide-ranging subspecies have been named, distinguished by size and color. “Eastern” A. o. wilsonianus (Lesson, 1830; type locality Pennsylvania) is reportedly larger and darker; “western” A. o. tuftsi Godfrey, 1948 (type locality South Arm, Last Mountain Lake, Saskatchewan) is reportedly smaller and paler (Godfrey 1948). The latter form was recognized by the AOU (1957), Monson and Phillips (1981), Marks et al. (1994), and Pyle (1997). Browning and Cross (1999) suggested the existence of even a third, as yet unnamed subspecies (see Marshall et al. 2006). But tuftsi was maintained as a junior synonym of wilsonianus by Rea (1983) and Unitt (1984). Rea (1983:171) wrote that “males are considerably darker than females” (n = 30) and questioned the validity of a paler western race. Kenneth C. Parkes “compared western birds of various museum ages … with topotypical Pennsylvania material and was unable to substantiate a western race” (loc. cit.). Parkes “doubted the validity of … ‘tuftsi’ … and suggested the supposed differences were artifacts of individual variation and museum age of specimens” (Unitt 1984:110).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.037 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".