Temporal activity patterns of land snails in the Atlantic Forest reveal substantial daytime activity and potential sampling bias
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Understanding daily activity patterns of terrestrial gastropods is essential for ecological and conservation studies, as these patterns strongly influence sampling design and biodiversity assessments. Land snails are often assumed to be predominantly nocturnal; however, empirical evaluations of activity patterns in natural habitats remain scarce, particularly in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. In this study, we assessed temporal activity patterns of land snails in the Sooretama Biological Reserve based on systematic observations conducted during morning, afternoon, and night periods. We recorded activity of 23 land snail species by using standardized active-search surveys and classified species into inferred activity patterns based on the relative frequency of active individuals. A substantial proportion of species exhibited detectable daytime activity, particularly during the morning, whereas fewer species were predominantly nocturnal. Activity patterns varied among taxa, with arboreal species tending to show higher nocturnal activity and leaf-litter dwellers exhibiting greater daytime activity. Although sampling did not encompass the full 24 hour cycle, our results indicate that restricting surveys to nighttime periods may underestimate species richness and bias community-level inferences in humid forest environments. Overall, the findings reveal substantial daytime activity among Atlantic Forest land snails and highlight the potential for sampling bias associated with conventional nocturnal-focused survey designs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".