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Record W7165122519 · doi:10.6082/vwkj0-kp092

Canadians in the Great War; Fighting Spirit, Military Identity, and an Emerging Nation

2025· article· en· W7165122519 on OpenAlex
Sage Korte

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueUniversity of Chicago · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicCanadian Identity and History
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsExceptionalismNationalismDominionEliteTreatyAmerican exceptionalismNational identityNegotiationDiplomacyEmpire

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

During World War I (WWI), the battles that occurred in 1917 fundamentally changed the Canadians and presented a paradox in which a once-loyal dominion emerged with a strong sense of national identity. In three critical battles, Vimy Ridge, Hill 70, and Passchendaele, nationalism was fostered among the Canadian fighting forces. Canadian conscription efforts also demonstrated changing sentiments towards the empire and the war, with 484,983 Canadians voluntarily enlisting and 620,000 Canadians serving by the end of WWI. Canadian wartime policies and recruitment efforts resulted in a diverse fighting force, including French, Irish, Highlanders, Native Americans, Chinese, Japanese, and Black Canadians. These battles brought together the various ethnic groups within Canada and resulted in a unique mentality of resilience and a shared sentiment of Canadian exceptionalism forming. This exceptionalism was also globally acknowledged through the emergence of a distinct reputation. Canadians were recognized as elite "shock troops" of the British Empire and commanded both fear and respect from their allies and enemies. Following the war, the Canadian reputation emboldened negotiations with Britain, beginning with the Treaty of Versailles and resulting in the Statute of Westminster. Canadian politicians also continued to invoke collective memory to tie Canadians to a shared, newly forged identity, which further fueled nationalist sentiments. Although the overt willingness to engage with the painful memories of WWI is contested, the distinction earned by Canadians would forever be marked by memorials to the soldiers who fought there. This new identity forged on the battlefield was imbued with Canadian pride. In turn, the diplomatic resolve of the Canadians was strengthened while separating from the British Empire. Ultimately, this thesis posits that it was not a "myth" or "legend" that emerged from these battles; rather, the experience of Canadian soldiers laid the groundwork for the post-war shift towards greater autonomy, reinforced by their war experience.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.772
Threshold uncertainty score0.613

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0010.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.014
GPT teacher head0.239
Teacher spread0.225 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it