The Most Important Zijat in the Arab Astronomical Heritage
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The astronomy has been defined in this research, along with the meaning and origin of the word "Zij", the science of Al-Zijat and its benefits for Arab astronomers. It included a short overview of the content of each of the following Arab Zijat: The Zij of al-Sindhind by al-Khwarizmi (died after 232A.H/874A.D), The Zij of Al-Sabi by Al-Battani (died in 317A.H/929A.D), The Zij of Al-Kabir Al-Hakimi by Ibn Yunus (died in 399A.H/1009A.D), The Zij of AL-Jami by Kushyar Ibn Labban Bashahri Al-Jili (died probably in the first quarter of the fifth century AH), The Zij of Al-Ilkhani by Al-Tusi (died in 672A.H/1274A.D), The Zij of Ibn Al-Shater (died in 777A.H/1375A.D), The Zij of Ulugh Beg by ibn Shahrukh ibn Timur (died in 853A.H/1449A.D). Finally, we found out that all above-mentioned Zijs contained several topics related to the planets, their movements, positions, dates, calendars and observations. In addition, every scientist was interested in his predecessor astronomers’ observations, and depended on their Zijs, then tried to prove their validity or refute them.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".