TMED2 is Sufficient for Trophoblast Fusion
Bibliographic record
Abstract
TMED2 is essential for anterograde transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi. We identified a protein null mutation in Tmed2 . At embryonic day (E) 9.5, Tmed2 homozygous ( Tmed2 99J/99J ) mutant embryos have abnormal placental labyrinth layer formation and fail to form the functional syncytiotrophoblast cells required for placental labyrinth layer formation, and die by E11.5. Tmed2 is expressed in mouse placenta and in human placentas, suggesting that TMED2 function is conserved in human and mouse placentas. We hypothesized that TMED2 was required for syncytiotrophoblast differentiation. We used qRT‐PCR to show that expression of TMED2 significantly increased when BeWo choriocarcinoma cells are induced to form syncytiotrophoblast. Furthermore, knockdown of TMED2 in this cell line does change the fusion index in the absence of Forskolin and but results in decreased metabolic activity when measured by MTT. To test for a direct role for TMED2 in syncytiotrophoblast formation, we generated JEG‐3 stable cell lines expressing TMED2myc. JEG‐3 cells do not normally fused but we will show that co‐culture of JEG‐3 stable cell lines expressing cytoplasmic GFP or mCherry allowed visualization of fusion. Quantification of syncytiotrophoblast fusion shows a significant increase in the fusion index of JEG‐3 cells, with no changes in metabolic activity by MTT. Our data suggest that TMED2 is sufficient for syncytiotrophoblast fusion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".