Bibliographic record
Abstract
Scanning transmission x-ray microscopes (STXM) focus monochromatic x-rays into an intense sub-30 nm diameter spot. Samples are then positioned at the focal plane and raster scanned through the spot while the transmitted x-rays are acquired to build up images at x-ray photon energies. In addition, x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) can be performed by recording image sequences over a photon energy range of interest. STXMs excel at characterizing thin sections of inhomogeneous soft matter with their combination of high spatial (<30 nm) and photon energy (<0.1 eV) resolution. However, the overarching theme of this thesis is to apply the intense, tightly focused spot of x-rays to induce spatially resolved chemical and physical changes, and directly pattern materials, primarily thin polymer films. The irradiated areas are then investigated using several types of microscopy (scanning transmission x-ray, atomic force, scanning electron) and XAS. The experiments cover three broad areas: i) Nanofabrication; realization of the smallest possible feature sizes, and fabrication schemes unique to focused x-rays with applications including nanofluidics. ii) Radiation chemistry and physics; investigating the mechanisms of radiation-induced processes such as bond formation/loss, morphological change, carbon contamination, and temperature increase. iii) X-ray optics; the spatial distribution of x-rays at a focal plane can be recorded in a thin polymer film and later read out using an atomic force microscope. Applications include feedback for optics fabrication and enhanced image processing, the ultimate goal being increased spatial resolution.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".