Naval Crossfire: A Comparative Analysis of Iron Projectiles from Mid-18th to Early 19th Centuries European Warships
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The ordnance of early Modern main maritime powers (i.e. Great Britain, France, and Spain) played an important role in conflicts for supremacy of the seas. Therefore, it was subjected to various innovation processes, in order to improve their efficiency. This study presents the characterization results of an array of iron projectiles recovered from the following sites: 1) the sloop-of-war HMS Swift (1763-1770), 2) the Spanish ship Triunfante (1756-1795), 3) the French ship Bucentaure (1804-1805), and 4) the site Deltebre I (1813). Based on data obtained using Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (EDXRS), a comparative analysis was performed, in order to clarify the technological differences and similarities that were present in the projectiles used by the mentioned ships.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".