Bibliographic record
Abstract
Canadian Anti-Corruption Law and Compliance Norm Keith Markham, Ontario: LexisNexis Canada Inc (2013); 213 pp; $90 (paperback); ISBN 9780433475156.In this timely book, the author reviews the anti-corruption framework that applies to Canadian businesses and individuals operating abroad in international business activities. Helpfully situated in the context of recent amendments to the Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act (CFPOA) and the corporate crime sections of the Criminal Code, Keith positions the text as a guide for lawyers and compliance professionals concerned about the corruption risks that inevitably exist in international business. In particular, this material will be interesting to corporate legal advisers, as the maximum sentence for CFPOA convictions recently increased to 14 years (up from five) and the offence of corruption and bribery of foreign officials is seen as 'more serious than ever' (p 23).With reference to regional and international pressures, Keith provides an historical overview of the development of anti-corruption legislation in Canada. The CFPOA was introduced in 1999 and implements the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions. Several of Canada's key trading partners have adopted similar legislation, including most notably the United States (Foreign Corrupt Practices Act) and the United Kingdom (Bribery Act 2010).Against this backdrop, Keith critically reviews the policy behind the CFPOA and the June 2013 amendments under Bill S-14, the Fighting Foreign Corruption Act. He argues that there have been few CFPOA prosecutions because of an initial political climate that placed little emphasis on enforcement (p 12). The implication is that this was due in part at least to the traditional view of corruption as a fact of life and simple cost of doing business in foreign jurisdictions (pi). This is beginning to change, though, and Keith contends as his central thesis that Canada got 'tougher on foreign corruption' with Bill S-14, pointing to the increased prison time for individual offenders as an important policy statement in this direction (pp 14, 23). This, in turn, is connected to a more contemporary understanding of corruption as something other than a 'victimless crime' and the political necessity for Parliament to be seen to be counteracting this threat (pp 1-2, 15-17).The text provides a detailed and helpful review of the two CFPOA offences: the primary 'bribery' offence and the secondary 'books and records' offence. 'Bribery' is broadly defined to include giving (or offering) 'anything of value' (loans, rewards or advantages or benefits of any kind) to a foreign public official in order to obtain a business advantage. The 'books and records' offence refers to 'cooking the books' or otherwise manipulating corporate records to cover up bribes. Interestingly, Keith points out that the two offences are perceived as equally serious and carry the same punishment and criminal stigma. In this context, Canadian businesses are well advised to review their accounting and records retention policies as 'sloppy or incomplete bookkeeping' will not be tolerated and the ' [unintentional or unwitting breach of CFPOA may not be a defence to the books and records offence' (p 40). …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".