National Security Laws in India: The Unraveling of Constitutional Constraints
Bibliographic record
Abstract
special courts in those areas to prosecute defendants accused of being terrorists.A year later, this law was incorporated into the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act 25 (TADA).TADA also created new criminal offenses related to terrorist activity, enhanced procedural powers for the police, and significantly reduced procedural protections for defendants.TADA incorporated a sunset clause-Parliament had to review and renew the Act every two years. 26 Evidence of human rights abuses under TADA mounted over time 27 and TADA was allowed to lapse when it lost the support of opposition parties in Parliament in 1995.However, as when the notorious preventive detention law, MISA, was repealed in 1977, the government of the day proposed incorporating many of TADA's provisions into ordinary criminal law. 28 This proposal failed, 29 but in the wake of terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City on September 11, 2001, the ruling National Democratic Alliance proposed a new anti-terror law. POTA
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".