Trabecular architecture of the hominoid carpus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Trabecular bone is known to respond dynamically to changes in joint load and direction. Thus, the objective of this study is to investigate the potential functional signal in the trabecular structure within the carpal bones of extant non-human hominoids. Trabeculae within the hand have rarely been studied in non-human primates even though the hand is the direct link between the substrate and the rest of the body and likely carries a robust functional signal. The articulated hands of Pan, Gorilla, Pongo, Hylobates and Symphalangus were scanned to a resolution of 16–54μ using micro-computed tomography. A volume of interest (VOI) scaled to carpal bone size was placed beneath the articular surfaces of carpals in the midcarpal joint. Trabecular architecture was quantified and visualized using CTan® and Avizo®. We hypothesized that carpal trabeculae of suspensory apes (Asian apes) would be clearly distinguished from that of more terrestrial, knuckle-walking apes (African apes). We found that relative bone volume, degree of anisotropy, trabecular pattern and trabecular separation varied significantly across taxa but that the pattern of differences did not always follow the predicted functional pattern for all carpal bones. This research was funded by the Max Planck Society.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".