Effects of Face Immersion in Cold Water on Blood Pressure and Cerebral Conductance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cold‐water face immersion without breath holding gives a gasp response followed by a dive response (DR). The DR after cold‐water face immersion elicits an increase in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) but it is not evident if cerebral perfusion is maintained during this face immersion. Cerebral auto‐regulation suggests that cerebral perfusion is maintained during substantial variations in MAP. It was hypothesized that cold water face immersion would give changes in MAP that are inversely proportional to face temperatures and this would be coupled with maintenance of the index of cerebral conductance (CVC I , cm/s/mm Hg) in the middle cerebral (MCA) and vertebral arteries (VA). Five college‐age males of normal height and weight volunteered for the study. Physiological responses were assessed with B X B metabolic cart for pulmonary ventilation (V E ), thermocouples for skin temperatures (T SK ), a pulse oximeter for heart rate (HR), a transcranial‐Doppler monitor for cerebral blood velocity (CBV) and a Finometer for blood pressure. Five min face immersions were in water at 5, 15, and 33°C. Outcome variables were analyzed with a 1‐factor ANOVA with levels at each water temperature; 2‐tailed, paired t‐tests were employed for post‐hoc analyses with p=0.05. The results demonstrated elevations (p<0.05) in MAP from ~ 76 mm Hg at rest to the range of ~ 90 to 82 mm Hg in 5°C to 33°C water. Relative to rest the CVC I MCA (p<0.05) decreased by ~23% in the 5°C, by ~19% in the 15°C, and by ~12% in the 33°C immersions. In conclusion, these results support during cold‐water immersion without breath holding that face skin temperature responses were inversely proportional to blood pressure responses and proportional cerebral conductance responses.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".