Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper summarizes the events leading to the development of integrated pest management (IPM). Due to the vastness of the subject, only the stages and progression towards IPM in forestry are illustrated by giving examples from Canadian experience. It covers the biological control of forest insects in Canada (mainly parasitoid introductions and work with insect viruses), and illustrates the evolution of IPM with three examples, two involving native species and one involving an introduced species, i.e. the spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana (illustrating the transition from the use of chemicals to biological pesticides), the Douglas fir tussock moth Orgyia pseudotsugata (development of the first truly IPM for a defoliator), and the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (an introduced species that became established in eastern North America, but is still treated as a quarantine pest in western North America). Management of bark beetles, contributions in forest weed and plant pathogen control, and a perspective on the future potentials and challenges of IPM in forestry, exotic insects, decreasing pesticide use, genetic engineering of entomopathogens and transgenic trees are discussed.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".