Elemental analysis of nineteenth century lead artifacts from Lewis and Clark and Hudson's Bay sites of the Pacific Northwest
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This thesis investigates the potmtial to use bulk element, trace element, and lead isotope characterizations to differentiate historic lead artifacts based on type and recovery location and to explore the potential to determine the source of the parent ore used to manufacture these artifacts.The sample set of artifacts, believed to date to the early to late nineteenth century, includes eight chemically characterized artifacts recovered from Travelers' Rest, Lolo, Montana and thirty chemically characterized artifacts recovered from various locales at Fort Vancouver National Historic Site, Vancouver, Washington.The analysis was completed using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) at Missouri University Research Reactor (MURR).An additional thirty-eight artifacts and modem manufactured bullets, characterized using lead isotope analysis alone, are included from outside studies for comparison.This investigation employs a framework of six steps that examine the historical, use-life, deposition, and recovery contexts, elemental analysis, and data interpretation to facilitate a successfril elemental analysis.This six step framework also includes a decision matrix to assist with interpretation of the results based on artifact form and chemical characterization.The potential to determine the parent ore source of the artifacts is investigated using an additional five step framework.By applying the first six step framework, it is determined that bulk element, trace element, and lead isotope analysis are powerftil tools to differentiate artifact form and recovery location.An especially relevant finding is that ball and shot artifacts are chemically distinct, possibly due to manufacturing differences.The investigation also finds that it is problematic to attempt to determine the parent ore sources of the artifacts, likely due to the common practice of alloying lead products, recychng old lead into new products, and using mixed ore sources.profession.Yovir time, dedication, and commitment to passing on your knowledge to students is infinitely appreciated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".