Effect of maleated polypropylene emulsion on the mechanical and thermal properties of lignin-polypropylene blends
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The increasing oil rates and environmental concerns of the use of synthetic or petroleum-based polymers has newly led to a growing attention in eco-friendly materials. Lignin has received much attention as a novel eco-friendly material due to its abundant availability and its potential as a low-cost filler. Biobased blends from polypropylene (PP) and lignin were fabricated by extrusion followed by injection moulding. In order to improve the compatibility of the polar lignin and the non-polar matrix PP, three different maleated PP emulsions, namely ME91735 (nonionic PP emulsion), ME42035 (cationic water based emulsion of polyolefin waxes) and PP286 (containing 1-5% N,N-ethylethanolamine) were used as coupling agents. The mechanical properties such as tensile and flexural strength as well as tensile and flexural modulus of the blends were improved by using lignin treated with 2.5 wt.% of the emulsions. However, the elongation at break decreased in the case of the lignin treated with ME91735 and ME42035 as compared to the untreated lignin. The morphological and thermal properties of the blends were also studied.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".