AUTODETERMINACIÓN EN SISTEMAS DEMOCRÁTICOS. EL CASO DE LA CONSULTA EN EUSKADI
Bibliographic record
Abstract
La autodeterminación externa de los pueblos integrados en Estados liberal-democráticos es un tema aún poco tratado por la doctrina politológica. Hablamos de tal cuando, entre otras posibilidades, el territorio que se instala en ella piensa en la independencia como una de las potenciales salidas a sus relaciones actuales en el seno de dicho Estado. En los Estados del tipo indicado no está reconocida, en su Constitución, la posibilidad de la secesión de algunas de sus regiones; pero, tampoco está taxativamente prohibida, salvo que esta prohibición se deduzca de sintagmas como indisoluble unidad (art. 2 Constitución española) o que la soberanía de las regiones está sometida a la soberanía estatal (art. 3 Constitución de Suiza). Sin embargo, la Corte Suprema de Canadá ¿Renvoi 20.8.1998¿ ha abierto la posibilidad de que alguna Provincia de la Federación pueda optar por esa situación fi nal siempre que, y entre otros requisitos, lo decida por una mayoría clara. El pueblo vasco ¿Euskadi o la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca¿, desde 1990, viene dando pasos en algo que podemos considerar el embrión de un proceso de autodeterminación externa. Su relevancia como caso de referencia estriba en que se ve obligado a sortear obstáculos por la imposibilidad de acogerse a una normativa que permita avanzar. Sin embargo, existen pocas oportunidades y muchas y graves amenazas al proceso que termina en la frustrada propuesta de consulta popular. Tratamos de analizar el proceso vasco hasta su último estadio de la consulta popular. Estatu liberal-demokratikoetan bildutako herrien kanpoautodeterminazioa gutxitan tratatu izan du doktrina politologikoak. Kanpo- autodeterminazioa aipatzen dugu, besteak beste, aukera hori hartzen duen lurraldeak independentzia etsitzen badu estatu horren barruan gaur egun dauzkan harremanak aldatzeko aukeratako bat. Halako estatu horietan, konstituzioak ez du onartzen eskualde batzuek banantzeko aukera izaterik; alabaina, ez du zorrotz debekatzen, non eta debeku hori ez den deduzitzen zenbait sintagmatatik, adibidez, «batasun zatiezina» (Espainiako Konstituzioaren 2. artikulua), edo «eskualdeen burujabetasuna estatuaren burujabetzaren mende dago» (Suitzako Konstituzioaren 3. artikulua). Halere, Kanadako Auzitegi Gorenak ¿Renvoi, 1998.8.20¿ atea zabaldu du federazioko probintziaren batek burujabetza horretara jotzeko, betiere, eta beste betekizun batzuez gain, herritarren gehiengo argiak erabakitzen badu. Euskaldun herria ¿Euskadi edo Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoa¿, 1990. urtetik hona hasita dago kanpo-autodeterminazioaren prozesuaren enbrioia izan daitekeena abiarazten. Erreferentziazko kasu izateko arrazoia da oztopo mordoa dauzkala bidean, aurrera egiteko aukera emango dion araudirik ez daukala heltzeko. Alderantziz, aukera gutxi eta mehatxu ugari eta larriak dauzka, eta azkenean herri-kontsulta egiteko proposamenaren porrota izan da emaitza. Euskal prozesua analizatzen du lan honek, azken pausora arte: herri-kontsulta. The external self-determination of peoples integrated within Liberal-democratic States is not a very studied topic by Political Science academy. We are refering to the population of a territory who thinks of independence as one of the potential solutions to its current relationships in the bosom of the mentioned State. In the aforementioned States, the possibility of secession by some of their regions is not acknowledged; but it is also not specifi cally prohibited, unless this prohibition is deduced from syntagms as indissoluble unity (art. 2 Spanish Constitution) or that Region¿s sovereignty is bound to the State¿s sovereignty (art. 3 Swiss Constitution). Nevertheless, the Canadian Supreme Court ¿Renvoi 20.8.1998¿ opened the door to some Federated province to opt for that fi nal situation providing that, among other conditions, it is decided by a large majority. The Basque people ¿Euskadi or the Basque Autonomous Community¿ have been taken steps to something that could be considered as the germ of a process to external self-determination. Its importance lies on the fact that it has to get round problems by the impossibility to avail from a legislation to move forward. However, there are few chances and many and serious threats to the process that ends in a frustrated proposal for a popular plebiscite. We try to analyze the Basque process as far as to the last step of popular plebiscite.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.012 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".