Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives: To observe the morphological changes of the cupula after injecting gentamicin (GM) in the frog inner ear and to compare the changes of the cupula with those of the ampullary sensory cells.Methods: We injected 300 µg (7.5 µl) of GM into the inner ear of 30 bullfrogs using a microsyringe under ether anesthesia.The same amount of saline was injected into the other ear as control.The posterior cupula were observed at 3, 7, and 14 days after GM injection by stereoscopic microscope after being stained with India ink.We classified cupula changes into Grades 1 ∼ 4 according to the degree of cupula shrinkage.Grade 1 is normal or slight change of the cupula such as the dip of the apex.Grade 2 is under 50%, and Grade 3 is 51∼ 80% of cupula shrinkage.Grade 4 is more than 80% of shrinkage or absence of the cupula.After removing the cupula, the sensory epithelia of the posterior canal were immediately fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution and were assessed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).We classified the sensory cell changes into Grades 1 ∼ 4 according to the extent of sensory cell damage.Grade 1 is damaged sensory cell area smaller than 20% of the total area.Grade 2 is damage of 21 ∼ 50%, Grade 3, 51 ∼ 80% and Grade 4, more than 80%. he correlation between the changes in the cupula and sensory cells was evaluated.Results: 1. Changes at 3 days after GM injection Normal or slightly changed cupula (grade 1) were seen in 7 out of 10 cases.Grade 4 change, disappearance of the cupula was found in 3 cases.In these cases, the sensory cell change was also severe.Sensory cell changes were Grade 2 or more in 7 cases.2. Changes at 7 days after GM injection The cupula showed mild changes of grade 2 or less in 5 of 10 cases.The sensory cells also showed mild changes of grade 2 or less.In the other 5 cases, the degree of cupula change was not associated with the sensory cell change.In this group, the sensory cell change was no more severe than that in the 3-day group.3. Changes at 14 days after GM injection The cupula showed Grade 2 or more severe changes in 7 of 10 cases.There were only 2 cases in which the cupula and sensory cell changes were both Grade 2 or milder.In 3 cases, both the cupula and sensory cells had damages Grade 3 or more.The other 4 cases showed no correlation between the cupula and the sensory cell change.4. The control group The cupula and sensory cells were normal in all 6 cases. Conclusions:The cupula shows various degrees of changes after GM injection into the inner ear, with or without damage of the sensory cells.This cupula change may be a part of the etiology of peripheral vertigo, and is also potentially one of the mechanisms of reduced caloric response. PA-02 Using an artificial vestibular system and robot simulations to mimic human postural responses to support surface translational accelerations
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.769 | 0.591 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".