THE PERCEPTION OF CORRUPTION IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT.The social life has always created multiple problems for members of society, especially administrative ones. The needs they expressed led to existence of public function and clerks that would participate, in an integrated environment, to their fulfillment and completion of general objective of administrative system. The human community would not have progressed if they had not created an entire social organism, empowered by personnel assigned in different positions established during time.Keywords: corruption; public administration; public clerks1. General Overview of Corruption Phenomenon from an International and National Point of ViewCorruption, in a simple definition, represents abuse of power, usually with a clear purpose - to obtain personal gains, or in advantage of a group of interests.1Corruption can have as a starting point estates and social levels which one involved would like either to keep or to magnify, motivated by desire to maintain or magnify power, or by simple belief that these would guarantee a well being state.2 Law, by its multiple disciplines, cannot study concept of corruption starting from empiric levelThis phenomenon, in specialists' opinion is like a prism with multiple faces, which can be seen from different angles, respectively from point of view of political sciences or economical sciences, penal or civil law or as a social phenomenon.3Treated like a social phenomenon, corruption is present in all societies, without taking into account development level of each state, adapting to specific conditions, and being able to jeopardize essence of state by consequences it could trigger.Corruption is a threaten to democracy, supremacy of law, social equity and justice, it damages principles of an efficient administration and market economy and also jeopardizes stability of state institutions.4It is difficult to define exactly concept of corruption, as it can comprise different approaches, depending on social and economic reality from each state. In national reports presented by France and Hungary, during International Congress of Penal Law from Beijing from September 2004, definition of corruption is a determined one, restricted to exchange area between an unwanted advantage on one hand and fulfillment or not fulfillment of an act which is a part of job responsibilities from public or private sector.5With a few thousands of years old history, starting from Antiquity, corruption has represented one of worse behavior models, but at same time, one of most common within official clerks of chosen representatives of community. In last century, it also comprises behavior of people from private sector. The interest and concern regarding this phenomenon increased and there have been reactions nationally and internationally.This scourge of corruption damages normal development of economies, goes against fundamental rights, transferring financial resources to sectors that present interest for ones involved.In Professor Silvio Wasibord's opinion, professor of communication in Rutgers University, opinion expressed in Globe and Mail, Toronto, December 19, 1995: the phenomenon of corruption if visible rather due to new political and media conditions, than due to fact that governments from certain countries are more corrupt than ones before them.6The General Assembly of United Nations approached for first time - in 1975, by resolution 3514 - issue related to corrupt practices met in international commercial transaction, and through this, a series of new measures has been taken by international administration regarding this issue.In Romania, phenomenon of corruption is not new, it does not characterize social and economic relations after 1989, but it also existed during communist regime, being in fact a continuation of it, with expansionist tendencies. …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.016 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".