Omega‐3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids have Sex‐specific Effects on the Phospholipid Fatty Acid Composition and Neurotrophin Expression in the Brain of C57BL/6 Mice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Increasing the consumption of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) causes a greater accretion of DHA in the cortex, which is associated with improved cognition. We have shown that omega (n)‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) alter the expression of neurotrophins, such as brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor, which regulates proper cortical function. Different regions of the brain carry out different functions; however, it is not known whether a diet high in n‐3 PUFA causes accretion of DHA in different brain regions, with sex and age‐specificity. We fed female C57BL/6 mice semi‐purified diets (20% fat w/w) either high (10% w/w) or low (2% w/w) in n‐3 PUFA before pregnancy, during gestation, and lactation. Male and female offspring were studied at weaning, or continued on their mother's diet for an additional 16 weeks. Brain cortex, cerebellum and brainstem were collected for phospholipid fatty acid analysis and gene expression. Regardless of diet, females at weaning had lower DHA in the brainstem and cerebellum compared to the males at weaning (P<0.0001). In addition, females at weaning had lower DHA in only the cerebellum compared to females at 16 weeks (p<0.0001). DHA was not different in both sexes at 16 weeks in the cerebellum and brainstem; however the levels decreased significantly with age in the male brainstem (P<0.0001). High n‐3 PUFA diet caused accretion of cortical DHA in both sexes at 16 weeks (P < 0.05). It is being investigated whether alterations in the fatty acid composition have an effect on the gene expression of neurotrophins in various regions of the brain. We are the first to show sex and age‐specific accretion of n‐3 PUFA in various brain regions. Supported by NSERC.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".