Fibrin(ogen) stimulates breast, ovarian, and prostate cancer cell line invasiveness on the chick chorioallantoic membrane
Bibliographic record
Abstract
1821 The importance of hemostasis in tumor development is increasingly being recognized. Many tumor cells express procoagulant activity consistent with a putative role for coagulation in tumor cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. To explore and observe the affects of coagulation components, particularly fibrin(ogen), on tumor growth and invasion we utilized the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model for the propagation of cancer cell lines grown in human plasma and fibrinogen clots. Cell lines of human breast cancer MCF-7, MDAMB231; ovarian cancer 2008, SKOV3; and prostate cancer PC3 were placed onto 9d CAMs (1x10 6 cells) in culture medium (CM), human fibrinogen clot (HFC), or human plasma clot (HPC) and incubated until 11d or 14d. CAMs were fixed in formalin; paraffin embedded and cross sections were prepared. Alterations in the CAM were monitored at 24-hour intervals with light microscopy and digital imaging. Cancer cell invasion into the CAM, angiogenesis, inflammation, and epithelial proliferation were evaluated and quantified on a + to 4+ basis from hematoxylin, eosin stained and immunohistochemically treated sections. Cancer cell colonies formed on all of the CAMs by 24h. In section at 48h cancer cells were observed within the parenchyma of the CAM, associated with damage to or removal of the epithelial layer. Cancer cell invasion increased when cells were grown in HPC (3+) compared to HFC (2+) and cells cultured in HFC displayed a higher level of invasion than CM (+/−) cells. There was limited evidence of angiogenesis, and this was similar among the growth conditions, but epithelial proliferation and inflammation demonstrated a similar trend to invasiveness. Breast cancer cell lines grown in HPC showed the greatest increase in invasive potential (3+), and as well were associated with the most enhanced angiogenesis, epithelial proliferation and inflammation compared to other growth conditions. Ovarian cancer cells displayed an intermediate response to culture in HPC (2+), and prostate cancer cells were the least responsive (+). A correlation between cancer cell invasiveness in the presence of HPC and to a lesser extent in HFC suggests a significant relationship among coagulation factors and metastasis. The increased potential of plasma clot compared to fibrinogen clot is consistent with the involvement of other coagulation components in tumor growth and metastasis. It is possible that a clot environment induces a more aggressive phenotype stimulating the production of matrix metalloproteinases and growth factors. The elucidation of the interplay of other coagulation factors, thrombin or tissue factor, and the distinct mechanisms of the interactions with tumor invasion and metastasis may impact cancer treatment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".