Permeability Test Results With Packed Spheres and Non-Plastic Soils
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This paper examines permeability test results with packed spheres and non-plastic soils. Most tests on packed spheres were performed in physics and chemistry, using liquids or gases to measure the intrinsic permeability, K (m2). All K (m2) were converted into saturated hydraulic conductivity ksat (m/s). Equal spheres and spheres having a unimodal or multimodal grain size distribution curve (GSDC) were tested. We point out interesting differences between the approaches in physics, geotechnique, and hydrogeology, then discuss difficulties with testing methods, before analyzing all test data. We propose a method to fit a GSDC with either a single, or a sum of lognormal equations, which gives a closed-form expression for the specific surface. Then, we assess the performance of predictive methods for ksat, including the Kozeny–Carman equation. A few methods, which use only a mean particle size, are shown to give excellent predictions for equal spheres and unimodal packings. Other methods, which use the effective size d10 and the void ratio e, are also shown to give excellent predictions for packed spheres and non-plastic soils, in the ranges for which they were initially developed. A new equation is proposed, which successfully predicts ksat in the range from 1 to 10−10 m/s, when the parameter [d102 e3/(1+e)] varies from 10−9 to 102 mm2, for spheres and non-plastic natural soils.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it