Bibliographic record
Abstract
The transformations in slavery that have been examined in this book have highlighted the centrality of historical change in Africa. It has been argued that the transformations were in response to external influence, both from the Atlantic world and from the countries of Islam, as well as the internal dynamics of African societies. In emphasizing “transformations,” this study has demonstrated the pervasiveness of slavery in African history and the significance of the transition that occurred under colonialism. As argued, the idea of this centrality can be encapsulated in the concept of “mode of production” that places enslavement, the trade in slaves, and the use of slaves in productive activities in articulation with each other. The significance of ending institutionalized enslavement and trade under colonialism is thereby highlighted. Slavery was not abolished outright but rather allowed to disappear gradually through the criminalization of enslavement and trafficking in humans, but not the emancipation of slaves. Those born under colonial rule were declared to be born free. Hence slavery was undermined as an institution; the “mode of production” linking enslavement, slave trading, and the use of slaves was broken. Although colonial officials referred to the “natural” death of the institution, slavery did not end. Historically, intercontinental slavery was transformative in the countries and places that received enslaved Africans, both the Americas and the Islamic world. In the Atlantic world, slavery became the basis of a labor system associated with European expansion and colonization. It can be said that slavery was a means of peopling new lands that were being developed as colonies of European imperialism. In this sense, enslavement and transport brought Africans into a colonial world, albeit in almost all cases outside of Africa. The transformations of slavery in Africa evolved as a form of colonialism, in which enslaved Africans become the population of the European colonies of the Americas.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.421 | 0.172 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".