Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bonds of Alliance: Indigenous & Atlantic Slaveries in New France. By Brett Rushforth. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012. Pp. xv, 406, appendices, index. Cloth, $39.95.)At the beginning of Bonds of Alliance, Brett Rushforth introduces two key objects from France's eighteenth-century American colonies: a braided hemp Amerindian slave halter and a pair of iron French shackles. The items at once seem familiar to anyone with a passing knowledge of American slavery. They are, after all, objects of confinement and coercion that one would associate with the institution. But in Rushforth's analysis they are also items of connection: between maker and object, between master and slave, and between cultures. With this introduction, Rushforth sets the stage for a history of Indian enslavement in New France that reintroduces the reader to the familiar in a way that disorients and re-centers our whole understanding of France's American empire.Rather than a mere adjunct to the fur trade, Rushforth reveals that everything we associate with French colonialism in Canada and the Great Lakes involved slave trading. Whether in calumet ceremonies, French Settlements, or trading outposts, Indian slaves occupied central positions in Franco-Indian exchanges. Systematically revisiting all the key sites of colonial interaction one by one, Rushforth reveals how central enslaved Indians and their labor were to the functioning of New France's diplomatic and economic networks. He further traces Indian slavery's connections to everything from Mediterranean prison galleys to Caribbean sugar plantations. Using a creative combination of linguistic, archaeological, and documentary evidence, Rushforth convincingly demonstrates that the exchange of Indian slaves underlay almost every major development in New France in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.Rushforth has also carefully mapped out the numerous regional varieties of Indian slavery practiced in the St. Lawrence Valley and the Fhys d'en Haut. He is careful to demonstrate the ways in which slavery was a mutable and ongoing adaptation within French colonial history. People whose role was to be used by others found themselves used in all kinds of ways that suited their masters: as tokens in Franco-Indian diplomacy, as tools in French colonial projects, as smugglers and servants and sex partners. Of particular interest are the ways in which Indians themselves used the slave trade to balance out their relationship with the French. Members of France's Indian alliance would routinely frustrate France's efforts to expand their diplomatic network by selling particular peoples to French slaveholders, ensuring continuing animosity between targeted groups and the French. …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".