Cold Starting and Pumpability Studies in Modern Engines — Results from the ASTM D02.07C Low Temperature Engine Performance Task Force Activities: Summary and Conclusions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Based upon the engine and oil types evaluated in the Low Temperature Engine Performance Task Force activities, it was found that (i) modern, fuel injected, gasoline engine designs, on average, start at lower temperatures than older types, and starting temperatures are independent of number of cylinders, configuration or displacement; (ii) CCS viscosities correlated with engine startability, but at considerably higher viscosities than in J300; (iii) an operating safety margin was observed between cold starting and pumpability; and (iv) these modern designs generally exhibited flow-limited behaviour and had limiting MRV pumpability viscosities in the range of 71 to 131 Pa∙s with an average of approximately 93 Pa∙s. On the basis of limited testing of 5 multigrade oils in the Phase II pumpability testing, it was found that air-binding pumpability could be generated in certain engine types, under appropriate cooling/operating conditions. Air-binding was only observed when significant structure was detected in the oils.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".