Bibliographic record
Abstract
The identification and cloning of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) from jellyfish marks the beginning of a new era of fluorescent reporters. In Caenorhabditis elegans, genetically encoded markers like the fluorescent proteins of the GFP family became the reporter of choice for gene expression studies and protein localization. The small size and transparency of the worm allows the visualization of in vivo dynamics, which increases the number of potential applications for fluorescent reporters tremendously. In combination with subcellular tags, GFP can be used to label subcellular structures like synapses allowing novel approaches to study developmental processes like synapse formation. Other fluorescent labels like small organic dyes, which are in widespread use in cell culture systems, are rarely used in C. elegans owing to difficulties in applying these labels through the impenetrable cuticle or eggshell of the animal. A notable exception is the use of lipophilic dyes, which are taken up by certain sensory neurons in the intact animal and can be introduced into the embryo after puncturing of the egg shell. This chapter covers the use of fluorescent dyes and fluorescent proteins in C. elegans. Emphasis is placed on microscopic techniques including wide field and confocal microscopy as well as time-lapse recordings. The use of fluorescent proteins as transgenic markers and image processing of fluorescence images are briefly discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".