Medio ambiente y comercio internacional: El caso de los productos derivados de las focas
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Tradicionalmente la proteccion del medio ambiente no ha supuesto una preocupacion en el seno de las organizaciones comerciales internacionales. Por lo general, las medidas comerciales que buscaban salvaguardar el medio ambiente eran consideradas como tapaderas para restringir el comercio. En esta situacion, ha surgido un conflicto comercial que enfrenta a Canada con la Union Europea a raiz del veto de esta ultima a la importacion de productos de foca. La solucion dada por el Grupo Especial de la OMC a esta controversia ha supuesto un importante avance en materia de proteccion del medio ambiente en el sistema comercial internacional, ya que permite que el articulo XX del GATT de 1994 sea aplicado de forma que pueda justificar una restriccion comercial en base a consideraciones morales de bienestar animal.Palabras clave: Union Europea, Organizacion Mundial del Comercio, productos de foca, inuits, articulo XX del GATT.Abstract:Traditionally, environmental protection has not led to a concern within the international trade organizations. Usually, the commercial measures that were seeking to safeguard the environment were considered to be covers to restrict the trade. This situation has arisen a trade conflict between Canada and the European Union after the latter’s veto on the import of seal products. The solution given by the Panel of the WTO to this controversy was a major breakthrough in the field of environmental protection in the international trading system, since it lets Article XX of the GATT 1994 to be applied so that trade restriction is justified on moral considerations of animal welfare.Keywords: European Union, World Trade Organization, seal products, inuits, Article XX of the GATT.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".