Bibliographic record
Abstract
15 percent of annual national income and could exceed 30 percent by the middle of this century-and other industrialized nations are not far behind. Certainly, an aging population is part of the story. But if economic productivity keeps growing at its current extraordinary pace, Europeans, Japanese, and Americans could triple their current income per person by 2050. Inevitably, we will spend a lot of that income on improving and maintaining our health. Which brings us to Marx. When the price of medical care takes up just a small percentage of national income, it is hard to argue with the notion that everyone should enjoy similar medical treatment. Sure, critics may gripe that the higher taxes needed to pay for universal health coverage may cut into economic growth a bit, but so what? A little re istribution won't suddenly transform the United States into a failed, Soviet-style workers' paradise. But as health costs creep up to, say, 25 percent of national income, things get more complicated. Americans would see their tax bills more than double, while total taxes could reach 75 percent of many Europeans' income. With oppressive tax burdens and heavy state intervention in healthalready the largest sector of the economy-socialism w uld have crept in through the back door. Of course, smug Europeans, Canadians, or Japanese may think that exploding healthcare costs are a purely U.S. problem. Certainly, the British and Canadian governments successfully wield their monopolies over healthcare to hold down both doctors' incomes and prescription drug prices. And part of the rise in U.S. healthcare costs stems from the breakdown of the checks and balances that more centralized systems provide. (For example, Americans are several times more likely to receive heart Kenneth Rogoff, FOREIGN POLICY'S economics columnist, is professor of economics and Thomas D. Cabot professor of public policy at Harvard University.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.055 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.012 | 0.014 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.008 | 0.017 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".