Spinal and Head Injuries in Ice Hockey - A Three Decade Perspective
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Over the past three decades ice hockey has changed, particularly the severity of the injuries. Our objectives in this study are to give a historical overview and examine the nature and incidence of major spinal and head injuries sustained while playing ice hockey. Using a retrospective review of questionnaires returned by physicians, we have previously reported 241 cases of fracture or dislocation of the spine, up to the end of 1993. Between 1982 and 1993 an average of 16.8 ice hockey related major spinal injuries were reported each year, from Canada primarily. Most of these injuries occurred to the cervical spine of players 16 to 20 years of age who were playing in supervised games. Our latest study, now nearing completion, will add more cases to our registry, up to the end of 1996. These include a recent dramatic increase in spinal fractures reported by USA Hockey. In addition, we have included concussions in our latest survey because a lack of consistent adherence to hockey rules and to a respectful attitude may impact upon both spinal and head injury and the etiology may be overlapping in some cases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".